P.1 2023-04-02



Description

A lineage first identified in Brazil with variants of biological significance E484K, N501Y and K417T, described in a recent virological post: here. P.1 lineage is an alias of lineage B.1.1.28.1. As described in Rambaut et al., 2020 when the lineage heirarchy reaches a certain depth (length of 5) lineage names are given an alias to prevent them from becoming infinitely long.
This webpage is generated using publically available sequence data from GISAID, shared by international sequencing efforts.

Table 1 | Summary of P.1 data

Statistic Information
Countries with sequences 77
Sequence count 71635
Countries Brazil 41779, United States of America 18641, Chile 1851, Argentina 1059, Spain 966, Mexico 800, French Guiana 751, France 555, Colombia 492, Peru 413, Suriname 342, Paraguay 331, Trinidad and Tobago 284, Ecuador 276, Germany 230, Canada 213, Netherlands 207, Panama 207, Switzerland 175, Haiti 172, Sweden 171, Costa Rica 164, Portugal 159, Uruguay 143, Turkey 137, Italy 134, Venezuela 133, United Kingdom 94, Belgium 83, Bolivia 67, Dominican Republic 60, Nicaragua 52, Luxembourg 47, Denmark 46, Puerto Rico 40, Japan 38, Aruba 37, Guatemala 36, Austria 29, Ireland 26, Canary Islands 20, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 18, Iceland 13, Israel 12, South Korea 12, Curaçao 11, Jordan 11, Romania 10, Norway 10, Malta 10, Finland 7, New Zealand 6, Taiwan 6, Czech Republic 5, Slovenia 5, Martinique 4, Poland 3, India 3, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3, Montenegro 3, Australia 3, Philippines 2, Croatia 2, Singapore 2, The Bahamas 2, Angola 1, Cayman Islands 1, Honduras 1, U.S. Virgin Islands 1, Laos 1, Lithuania 1, Antigua and Barbuda 1, Bonaire 1, Guadeloupe 1, El Salvador 1, Faroe Islands 1, Jamaica 1
First detected Brazil
Earliest sample date 2020-09-22
Defining SNPs aa:orf1ab:S1188L
aa:orf1ab:K1795Q
del:11288:9
aa:S:L18F
aa:S:T20N
aa:S:P26S
aa:S:D138Y
aa:S:R190S
aa:S:K417T
aa:S:E484K
aa:S:N501Y
aa:S:H655Y
aa:S:T1027I
aa:orf3a:G174C
aa:orf8:E92K
aa:N:P80R

Figure 1 | Cumulative sequence count over time P.1

Bars show the number of new sequences on GISAID over time, binned by epi-week. The line shows the cumulative number of sequences over time.


Figure 2 | Date of earliest_P.1 detected

Schematic map showing the date of the first sequence sample date in each country containing the lineage. Darker countries have earlier first sample dates.


Figure 3 | Map of P.1 sequence counts

Map showing the logged number of sequences of the variant in each country. Countries with more sequences are shown in darker colours.


Figure 4 | Sequence count per country P.1

The number of sequences of the lineage recorded in each country. The height of the bar is the logged number and the numbers above the bar are the raw counts.


Figure 5 | Frequency P.1 in sequences produced since first new variant reported per country

The overall frequency of the lineage, defined as the number of sequences assigned the lineage divided by the total number of sequences from that country in the time since the variant was first sequenced in that country.


Figure 6 | P.1 count per continent

Seven day rolling average of sequence counts per continent. Please note that recent declines may be due to delay in reporting rather than reflecting a change in the underlying virus population.


Figure 7 | Rolling average P.1 frequency per continent

Seven day rolling average of frequency of sequences of the lineage of interest. Frequency is calculated by dividing the number of sequences of the lineage of interest by the total sequences for each continent for each day.


Figure 9 | Air traffic by destination P.1

The number of ticketed origin-to-destination journeys from Manaus, Brazil to countries outside Brazil during October 2020.

Colours indicate numbers of published genomes of P.1 deposited on GISAID. Grey bars indicate countries that have reported the presence of the variant but have not yet published P.1 sequences on GISAID. White bars indicate countries with no reports of P.1.

Flight data come from the International Air Transportation Association that capture anonymized, passenger-level flight itinerary data, comprising both commercial flights and scheduled charter flights. These data account for ~90% of global air travel volumes, with the remaining volumes modelled using market intelligence. We report data from destinations including >5,000 passengers.

Note that flight data reflects final-destination on a booked journey, we cannot account for instances where two separate tickets were purchased.



Table 2 | Reported P.1 imports | Country count: 37




Country Earliest report Date local transmission Local transmission Method of surveillance Source
Brazil 2020-12-15 2020-12-15 1 community_sequencing https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586
Japan 2021-01-12 0 travellers https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/en/2019-ncov-e/10108-covid19-33-en.html
Italy 2021-01-17 0 travellers https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/italy-bans-flights-from-brazil-after-covid-variant-detected-in-4-passengers-121011700080_1.html
South Korea 2021-01-10 0 travellers GISAID
Germany 2021-01-22 0 travellers https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/nachweis-in-frankfurt-neue-corona-mutation-in-deutschland-17159476.html
Faroe Islands 2021-01-12 0 travellers https://local.fo/in-a-first-european-case-brazilian-coronavirus-variant-confirmed-in-the-faroe-islands/
United States of America 2021-01-25 0 travellers https://twitter.com/SeanW_PHLNGS/status/1353831578342981632?s=20
Netherlands 2021-01-29 community_sequencing https://www.rivm.nl/en/news/brazilian-coronavirus-variants-p1-and-p2-found-in-netherlands
Colombia 2021-01-30 2021-01-31 1 community_sequencing https://twitter.com/INSColombia/status/1356012753656422403?s=20; https://twitter.com/INSColombia/status/1355531730422263809?s=20
Turkey 2021-02-03 community_sequencing https://www.aa.com.tr/en/health/turkey-2-s-africa-1-brazil-variant-detected/2133077
France 2021-01-22 0 community_sequencing https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-france-variant/france-registers-four-cases-of-brazilian-coronavirus-variant-says-minister-idUSP6N2I8010
Peru 2021-02-05 0 community_sequencing https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/afp/2021/02/04/peru-confirma-presenca-da-variante-brasileira-do-coronavirus.htm
Spain 2021-02-05 0 travellers https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20210205/6226594/detectado-madrid-primer-caso-variante-brasilena-covid-espana.html
Canada 2021-02-07 0 travellers https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/toronto-reports-canada-s-first-known-case-of-covid-19-variant-first-seen-in-brazil-1.5299345
Argentina 2021-02-08 0 travellers https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2021/02/08/argentina-detecta-primeiros-casos-de-variantes-brasileiras-do-coronavirus.ghtml
Portugal 2021-02-10 0 community_sequencing https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-portugal/portugal-detects-first-cases-of-brazilian-covid-19-variant-sic-tv-says-idUSL8N2KG7KT
Venezuela 2021-02-10 0 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---9-february-2021
Switzerland 2021-02-09 0 community_sequencing https://www.thelocal.ch/20210209/switzerland-records-first-case-of-brazilian-coronavirus-mutation
Belgium 2021-01-31 2021-01-31 1 community_sequencing https://twitter.com/GuyBaele/status/1361414538281672704
India 2021-02-05 0 travellershttps://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/south-africa-brazil-mutated-covid-strains-have-reached-india/articleshow/81014842.cms
Mexico 2021-02-16 1 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---16-february-2021
Taiwan 2021-02-20 0 travellers https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/covid-19-taiwan-confirms-brazil-variant-3-cases-quarantine-14248914
Ireland 2021-02-19 0 travellers https://www.thejournal.ie/three-cases-covid-19-variant-brazil-ireland-5360414-Feb2021/
Finland 2021-02-18 0 travellers https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/1271139/current-covid-19-situation-in-finland-new-virus-variants-cause-concern
Sweden 2021-02-25 1 community_sequencing https://www.foreigner.fi/articulo/coronavirus/sweden-detects-first-brazilian-variant-cases/20210221112458010335.html
Denmark 2021-03-03 0 travellers https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-denmark-idUSL5N2L14OT
Aruba 2021-03-23 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-march-2021
Chile 2021-03-23 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-march-2021
Guadeloupe 2021-03-23 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-march-2021
Philippines 2021-03-23 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-march-2021
Reunion 2021-03-23 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-march-2021
Romania 2021-03-23 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-march-2021
Saint Martin 2021-03-23 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-march-2021
United Kingdom 2021-03-23 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-march-2021
United Arab Emirates 2021-03-23 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-march-2021
Uruguay 2021-03-23 community_sequencing https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-march-2021
Panama 2021-04-09 community_sequencing https://www.prensa.com/impresa/panorama/variante-brasilena-se-propaga-en-panama/

Table 3 | Raw data for figures




Country Earliest sequence Number of variant sequences Total sequences since first variant sequence
United States Of America 2021-01-05 27797 4090829
Brazil 2020-09-22 54600 205292
Sweden 2021-01-27 182 231598
Colombia 2021-01-04 522 15988
Canada 2020-12-04 13140 447187
Italy 2021-01-04 2385 153938
Switzerland 2021-01-27 242 130602
Mexico 2021-01-28 2718 80120
Haiti 2021-05-12 180 507
Luxembourg 2021-02-02 974 46987
Trinidad And Tobago 2021-04-23 284 2330
Spain 2021-01-29 1271 187268
Peru 2020-12-16 2179 45143
Germany 2021-02-04 871 876956
Netherlands 2021-01-25 579 149400
Belgium 2021-01-29 1921 161278
Poland 2021-04-09 23 80006
France 2021-01-22 821 498449
Puerto Rico 2021-03-25 64 14438
Chile 2021-01-08 4585 39543
Paraguay 2021-01-31 347 2441
Ireland 2021-02-02 31 92361
Czech Republic 2021-04-21 18 51407
Japan 2021-01-02 121 558284
United Kingdom 2021-02-04 221 2590327
Turkey 2021-01-28 156 99075
Suriname 2021-02-22 343 866
Venezuela 2021-01-01 133 846
Argentina 2021-01-24 2945 14839
Nicaragua 2021-04-20 63 553
India 2021-03-24 4 167031
Denmark 2021-02-22 65 569864
Guatemala 2021-04-11 42 3846
Dominican Republic 2020-12-22 64 2398
Israel 2021-04-11 19 106912
Portugal 2021-02-09 188 40611
Austria 2021-04-15 33 55658
Costa Rica 2021-03-03 184 9752
Australia 2021-03-01 6 150410
Ecuador 2021-03-31 298 7518
Bolivia 2021-02-07 70 248
Honduras 2021-05-19 4 159
Aruba 2021-02-15 123 3847
Panama 2021-02-17 217 5312
Finland 2021-02-01 19 43223
Slovenia 2021-02-27 10 70992
Croatia 2021-04-16 7 38340
New Zealand 2021-03-06 7 30737
Angola 2021-03-22 1 574
Romania 2021-02-25 17 17152
Malta 2021-04-18 30 655
Singapore 2021-04-04 8 29104
Belize 2021-05-07 21 896
Curaçao 2021-04-24 14 1847
Cayman Islands 2021-06-17 1 320
Norway 2021-03-14 12 67604
Bosnia And Herzegovina 2021-06-28 3 1264
South Korea 2021-01-10 16 91816
Montenegro 2021-07-27 3 817
Taiwan 2021-01-28 6 2693
Uruguay 2021-02-23 146 577
Guam 2021-04-30 1 853
Philippines 2021-02-21 2 21386
Jordan 2021-03-01 11 826
Iceland 2021-03-20 15 16181
Laos 2021-11-24 1 624
Russia 2021-05-08 1 52266
Latvia 2021-04-01 2 22479
Lithuania 2021-04-13 8 31316
Guyana 2021-09-07 2 112
The Bahamas 2021-07-22 2 246
Greece 2021-05-14 1 20068
Guadeloupe 2021-07-07 1 1979
Bangladesh 2021-02-18 1 5329
Bahrain 2021-07-24 1 9920
China 2021-04-17 2 19731
El Salvador 2021-05-01 1 504
Thailand 2021-04-05 1 30285
Faroe Islands 2021-01-12 1 3
Jamaica 2023-01-18 1 17

Data source and processing

The data on this page is recent as of 2023-04-02, 14:42 GMT. All SARS-CoV-2 sequences were downloaded from GISAID and genomes were de-duplicated based on GISAID sequence name – note that the publically available metadata may not fully allow us to de-duplicate by patient. Full data processing pipeline found here. The sequences were then assigned lineages with pangolin 4.2, pangoLEARN version 2022-07-09.

Pangolin assigns P.1 to sequences with at least 10 of the 17 defining P.1 SNPs – defined here.

Caveat: Most locations outside the original focus have not reported sustained transmission and many cases have known travel links to the focal location. Increasing numbers of international cases is currently likely due to increased surveillance and vigilance.

Acknowledgements

Created by: Áine O'Toole and Verity Hill, Rambaut Group, University of Edinburgh. Flight volume data from Kamran Khan, Isaac Bogoch, Alexander Watts, Oliver Pybus, Moritz Kraemer. Sequences sourced from GISAID, full acknowledgements table here.

We have a publication in Wellcome Open Research here describing this web tracker.